The southward spread of buffalo fly (Haematobia irritans exigua) in eastern Australia and its survival through a severe winter

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Abstract
The southward spread of buffalo fly (Haematobia irritans exigua) in coastal eastern Australia from Bororen, Queensland in 1974 to Coffs Harbour, New South Wales in 1982 is documented. Surveys after a cold, dry winter in 1982 recorded overwintering sites and subsequent spread of flies in southern Queensland and northern New South Wales. Buffalo fly overwintered at several places in the Maryborough-Bauple districts and further north. Overwintering also occurred in the Currumbin Valley-Mudgeeraba area on the Queensland-New South Wales border. Other infestations detected early in the season and believed to have arisen from local overwintering populations were observed at Kin Kin, Mount Tamborine and Flinders Peak. By May 1983 flies had recolonised much of coastal south eastern Queensland, and as far south as Ballina and west to the Richmond Range in New South Wales. Implications of these findings for control are discussed.