Growth Hormone Stimulates Protein Synthesis during Hypocaloric Parenteral Nutrition

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Abstract
The influence of growth hormone (GH) on protein metabolism and fuel utilization was investigated in eight paired studies of normal volunteers. GH (10 mg) was given daily during one period, and saline was injected during control studies. For 6 days, subjects received parenteral nutrition that provided adequate dietary nitrogen, vitamin, and minerals, but energy intake varied to provide 30-100% of requirements. On Day 7, the feedings were discontinued and an oral glucose load (100 g) was administered. The level of energy intake did not markedly influence the actions of GH. During nutrient infusions, GH caused positive nitrogen balance (1.0 .+-. 0.3 g/m2/day vs. -1.2 .+-. 0.3 in controls, p < 0.001) and increased protein synthesis (16.8 .+-. 0.7 g N/m2/day vs. 13.9 .+-. 0.8, p < 0.01). No change in the rate of protein breakdown or excretion of 3-methylhistidine occurred. GH was associated with an increase in insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations (IGF-I, 9.1 .+-. 0.6 IU/ml vs. 3.3 .+-. 0.5, p < 0.001). After discontinuation of the parenteral nutrition and administration of the oral glucose load, glucose concentrations tended to be higher after GH; however despite a two- to threefold increase in insulin response, muscle glucose uptake was attenuated (1.10 .+-. 0.19 g/kg forearm vs. 1.64 .+-. 0.30 in controls, p < 0.05). Compared with control conditions, GH appeared to attenuate the increase in amino acid nitrogen efflux from muscle after the administration of oral glucose. These data demonstrate that the protein anabolic effect of GH, which occurs even during hypocaloric feedings, is related to multiple mechanisms that favor protein synthesis. These include the increase in plasma concentrations of GH, insulin, IGF-I and fat utilization. GH administration results in a hormonal-substrate environment that favors nitrogen retention and protein synthesis. GH may be beneficial in promoting protein synthesis in surgical patients, particularly in association with hypocaloric glucose infusions that allow utilization of body fat as an energy source.