Design of a cone-penetrometer-compatible probe and housing: The LLNL Raman probe

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Abstract
An integrated infinity-focused fiber optic probe designed for cone penetrometer and hand-held use and constructed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories is described and evaluated for performance. Throughput efficiency is calculated, distance dependence, background levels, and sensitivity to heterogeneity in samples is evaluated. Representative spectra are presented that make use of the major performance advantages of this probe, which are (a) background rejection, (b) low sample light fluences, (c) distant viewing, (d) sample penetration, and (e) sample averaging capability.

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