Synergistic Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Viral (HIV-1) Effect of the Immunomodulator Ampligen (Mismatched Double-Stranded RNA) with Inhibitors of Reverse Transcriptase and HIV-1 Regulatory Proteins

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Abstract
The potent antiviral effect of double stranded RNA, such as the mismatched poly(l)·poly(C12U) [Ampligen], 2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-fluorothymidine (FddThd) and antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) has been established in in vitro systems using cells infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We report here that the immunomodulator poly(l)·poly(C12U) interacts synergistically with (1) the reverse transcriptase inhibitor FddThd (FIC value: 0.43), (2) the modified (5′- and 3′-end capped thioates) antisense ODN-4 directed against the splice acceptor site of the HIV-1/ tat gene (FIC value: 0.66) and (3) also with pyronin Y, a compound which prevents binding of HIV-1 Rev protein to the HIV-1 RRE element. These data suggest that combinations of poly(l)·poly(C12U), a stimulator of the natural antiviral protection system of the cells, with compounds targeting HIV1-specific processes should be considered as candidate treatments of AIDS patients.