Breaking Abbe’s diffraction resolution limit in fluorescence microscopy with stimulated emission depletion beams of various shapes

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Abstract
We report on the generation of various hole-centered beams in the focal region of a lens and investigate their effectiveness to break the diffraction barrier in fluorescence microscopy by stimulated emission. Patterning of the phase of the stimulating beam across the entrance pupil of the objective lens produces point-spread-functions with twofold, fourfold, and circular symmetry, which narrow down the focal spot to 65–100 nm. Comparison with high-resolution confocal images exhibits a resolution much beyond the diffraction barrier. Particles that are only 65-nm apart are resolved with focused light.