Ecology and Calls of Four Species of Amazonian Forest Frogs

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Abstract
First data on breeding biology and vocalization by the primary forest dwelling frog species Osteocephalus buckleyi, chiasmocleis shudikarensis, Bufo dapsilis, and Leptodactylus rhodomystax, was obtained in the Central Amazon of Brazil in 1980, 1983, 1984, and 1985. Breeding habitat requirements of these species are quite specialized and emphasize the need for more ecological information on Amazonian forest frog species if efforts to preserve them in forest reserves are to be effective. Calling by Osteocephalus buckleyi and Chiasmocleis shudikarensis and Bufo dapsilis demonstrates certain vocal behaviors exhibited extensively by Amazonian forest frog species which may reflect predator avoidance strategies.