Proton aurora in the cusp

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Abstract
Frequently, the Far Ultraviolet Instrument (FUV) on the Imager for Magnetopause‐to‐Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) spacecraft observes intense ultraviolet emission from a localized dayside region poleward of the general auroral oval location. This emission is especially distinct in the Doppler‐shifted emission of hydrogen atoms produced by precipitating protons. We interpret this as a direct signature of proton precipitation into the cusp after reconnection of magnetospheric lobe field lines. This cusp signature appears only when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) has a positive northward Bz component. However, the intensity of the precipitation, and hence the intensity of UV emission, is not controlled by the magnitude of Bz but rather by the solar wind dynamic pressure. A statistical analysis of 18 cases observed in summer and fall 2000 shows good correlation between the UV intensity and the dynamic pressure and between the location in local time and the IMF By component. A quantitative analysis of observations from all three FUV subinstruments allows for an estimate of proton and electron energy fluxes during these times. In general, these estimates agree with results from in situ measurements by spacecraft and show that during these times, protons may contribute significantly to the overall energy deposition into the cusp.

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