Immunoselective Targeting of an Anti-Thrombin Agent to the Surface of Cytokine-Activated Vascular Endothelial Cells

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Abstract
An immunoconjugate was designed to target hirudin, a potent and specific inhibitor of thrombin, to the surface of activated endothelial cells. Hirudin was covalently cross-linked to the monoclonal antibody H18/7 that recognizes the extracellular domain of E-selectin (CD62E), an endothelium-leukocyte adhesion molecule that is expressed only on cytokine-activated endothelium. The hirudin-H18/7 immunoconjugate selectively bound to interleukin-1–activated but not to unactivated cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells with a temporal profile similar to that of inducible cell-surface procoagulant activity. When bound to activated endothelial cells, the hirudin-H18/7 immunoconjugate significantly inhibited endogenous thrombin activity generated from coincubated human plasma and fibrin clot formation on the monolayer surface. Cellular responses that are mediated via the thrombin receptor, such as increases in cytoskeletal F-actin content, also were significantly downregulated, and monolayers were protected from thrombin-induced disruption by this treatment. The ability to selectively antagonize thrombin-dependent processes at the endothelium-blood interface may provide new insights into complex pathophysiological processes, such as thrombosis, inflammation, and atherogenesis. These studies also demonstrate the general feasibility of selective targeting of therapeutic agents to endothelial cells based on recognition of an activation-dependent surface phenotype.