Biomechanical and metabolic effects of varying backpack loading on simulated marching

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Abstract
Twelve healthy, male Army recruits performed three, 40-min treadmill marches at 6 km/h, under three load carriage conditions: 0%-body weight (BW) backpack load, 15%-BW load and 30%-BW load. Kinematic and kinetic data were obtained, immediately before and after each treadmill march, for computing ankle, knee and hip joint rotations and moments. Metabolic data (oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O2), expired ventilation ([Vdot]E), respiratory exchange ratio (RER)), heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected continuously during marching. Significant differences (p⩽0.05) were observed between each load for [Vdot]O2, HR and [Vdot]E throughout the marches. At 40 min, relative energy costs for 0%-BW, 15%-BW and 30%-BW loads were 30, 36 and 41% [Vdot]O2max, respectively. RPE responses during marching significantly differed for only the 30%-BW load and were greater than responses at 0%-BW and 15%-BW loads. During load carriage trials prior to treadmill marches (pre-march), peaks in internal, hip extension, knee extension and ankle plantar flexion moments increased with increasing backpack load. Relative to 0%-BW load, percentage increases in knee moments, due to 15%-BW and 30%-BW loads, pre-march, were substantially larger than the percentage increases for hip extension and plantar flexion moments, pre-march. Pre-march and post-march peaks in hip extension and ankle plantar flexion moments were similar with all loads, while notable premarch to post-march declines were observed for knee extension moment peaks, at 15%-BW and 30%-BW load. Pre-march joint loading data suggests that the knee may be effecting substantial compensations during backpack loaded marching, perhaps to attenuate shock or reduce load elsewhere. Post-march kinetic data (particularly at 15%-BW and 30%-BW load), however, indicates that such knee mechanics were not sustained and suggests that excessive knee extensor fatigue may occur prior to march end, even though overall metabolic responses, at 15%BW and 30%-BW load, remained within generally recommended limits to prevent fatigue during prolonged work.