An adoption and a cross-fostering study of the minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI) psychopathic deviate scale

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Abstract
The first of two complementary studies compared biological and adoptive parents of teenage adoptees with either high (n=21) or low (n=51) MMPI Psychopathic Deviate (Pd) scale scores. In comparison to biological mothers of the low-Pd adoptees, biological mothers of the high-Pd adoptees obtained significantly higher MMPI scores on six of eight clinical scales. Fewer differences existed between the corresponding groups of adoptive mothers, but adoptive mothers of the high Pd's did obtain significantly higher scores on the Pd and Hypomania scales. Substantial genetic correspondences also existed for Harris-Lingoes content subscales, with fewer correspondences between adoptees and their adoptive mothers. There were indications that adoptive mothers of the high-Pd children had personality traits which may have made them less effective in attenuating early signs of antisocial behavior. The second study employed a cross-fostering design dividing all biological and adoptive mothers (nn=138 each) by their respective median Pd raw scores to examine effects on offspring. Results confirmed the effect of biological mother Pd score, but only a trend suggested an adoptive mother effect, with no hint of an interaction.