Ovipositor structure and relationships within the Hymenoptera, with special reference to the Ichneumonoidea

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Abstract
The morphology, function and phylogenetic significance of the hymenopterous ovipositor, as revealed by transverse sections, is explored. Ovipositors (including stings) of > 240 species belonging to some 69 families (representing all super-families) have been prepared and examined, and almost 180 are illustrated. Particular attention is paid to Ichneumonoidea. Sections show many new, phylogenetically informative characters as well as providing further insight into ovipositor function. Examples of synapomorphies are given which suggest various groupings at the family or subfamily levels. Functional interpretations are given for several characters, with particular reference to substrate penetration, passage of the egg along the ovipositor and stinging.

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