Genetic Polymorphisms of Tobacco- and Alcohol-Related Metabolizing Enzymes and Human Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Susceptibility

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Abstract
Many human cancers are caused by synthetic or natural chemical compounds in the environment. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma has been reported to be epidemiologically associated with tobacco and alcohol consumption. We studied the association between genetic polymorphisms of tobacco- and alcohol-related metabolizing enzymes and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma susceptibility. We examined genetic polymorphisms of the CYP1A1, GSTM1, CYPIIE1, ADH2, and ALDH2 genes in 94 Japanese patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and 70 unrelated healthy Japanese persons. There were no significant differences between healthy controls and patients with esophageal cancer in the polymorphisms of the CYP1A1, GSTM1, and CYPIIE1 genes. On the other hand, there were significant differences in the ADH2 and ALDH2 polymorphisms between healthy controls and esophageal cancer patients. The ADH21/ADH21 and ALDH21/ALDH22 genotypes were independently and significantly higher in esophageal cancer patients than in healthy controls. Furthermore, persons with the combined genotypes ADH21/ADH21 and ALDH21/ALDH22 were at extraordinarily high risk for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, with an odds ratio of 17.9 (p ADH2