Biological impediments to monoclonal antibody–based cancer immunotherapy

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Abstract
The ability of antibodies to exploit antigenic differences between normal and malignant tissues and to exact a variety of antitumor responses offers significant advantages to conventional forms of therapy. Several monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have already proved to be relatively well tolerated and effective for the treatment of many different malignant diseases. However, mAbs must overcome substantial obstacles to reach antigens presented on target cells to be of therapeutic value. Intravenously administered antibodies must avoid host immune response and contend with low or heterogeneous expression of antigen on tumor cells. Antibodies must also overcome significant physical barriers en route to a solid tumor mass, including the vascular endothelium, stromal barriers, high interstitial pressure, and epithelial barriers. Here we review the application and evolution of mAbs as effective forms of treatment, with particular attention to the barriers and impediments to successful treatment and discuss strategies to overcome these barriers and improve the efficacy of mAb-based therapy.