New mechanisms in demosponge spicule formation

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Abstract
A new mechanism of demosponge spicule formation was recognized during taxonomic studies of bioeroding sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae: Clionidae). To date different spicule types have been explained by matching structures to their organic matrix, the axial thread. Bulbous structures, however, do not have an organic counterpart. Immature spicules of Cliona tinctoria and Pione caesia have irregular, rough heads. Higher magnification during scanning electron microscopy shows that silica granules are deposited regionally to form bulbs. Later silica secretion smoothens the bulb surface. Silica deposition in form of granules rather than in layers appears to be a structuring tool in tylostyles.

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