Abstract
Patients with overt vascular disease (TIA, CVA, peripheral vascular disease, etc.) and patients with diabetes are both well known to be at exceptionally high risk of cardiac death, and are generally thought to need more intensive risk factor control, i.e. secondary prevention. Their high risk of cardiac death is generally attributed to coincidental coronary artery disease, leading to cardiac death due to fresh ischaemic events. While coronary disease is undoubtedly important, left ventricular abnormalities could also be a major contributor to cardiac death in these patients, causing ’arrhythmic’ as opposed to ’ischaemic’ deaths. These left ventricular abnormalities consist of both left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and LV systolic dysfunction (LVSD). In this article, we focus only on LVH, as LVSD has often been discussed elsewhere.

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