Standing wave patterns in the human ear canal used for estimation of acoustic energy reflectance at the eardrum

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Abstract
Standing wave patterns were measured in the unoccluded ear canals of 13 human subjects, for applied pure tones of 3 to 13 kHz. Measurements were made, using a probe microphone technique, over a region which could be approximated as a duct of constant cross-sectional area. Analysis of the patterns allowed the reflective properties of the middle ear to be determined in terms of an acoustic energy reflection coefficient, or reflectance, at the eardrum. Over all subjects the trend of the results was for the energy reflection coefficient to rise from about 0.3 at 4 kHz up to 0.8 at 8 kHz, and continue at this value to 13 kHz. There was, however, significant intersubject variation, especially at frequencies greater than 7 kHz.

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