Design and Synthesis of New PotentC2-Symmetric HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors. Use ofl-Mannaric Acid as a Peptidomimetic Scaffold

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Abstract
A study on the use of derivatized carbohydrates as C2-symmetric HIV-1 protease inhibitors has been undertaken. l-Mannaric acid (6) was bis-O-benzylated at C-2 and C-5 and subsequently coupled with amino acids and amines to give C2-symmetric products based on C-terminal duplication. Potent HIV protease inhibitors, 28 Ki = 0.4 nM and 43 Ki = 0.2 nM, have been discovered, and two synthetic methodologies have been developed, one whereby these inhibitors can be prepared in just three chemical steps from commercially available materials. A remarkable increase in potency going from IC50 = 5000 nM (23) to IC50 = 15 nM (28) was observed upon exchanging −COOMe for −CONHMe in the inhibitor, resulting in the net addition of one hydrogen bond interaction between each of the two −NH− groups and the HIV protease backbone (Gly 48/148). The X-ray crystal structures of 43 and of 48 have been determined (Figures 5 and 6), revealing the binding mode of these inhibitors which will aid further design.