Predation of Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Pupae in Three Ecosystems Along the Southern Edge of Infestation

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Abstract
The predation potential of small mammals, in particular mice, Peromyscus spp., and invertebrates, was evaluated from 1992 to 1995 near the leading edge of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), spread into the southeastern United States. Two study sites were established in each of three geographic areas: the coastal plain, Piedmont, and mountains. All sites were mixed hardwood stands with varying amounts of oak, Quercus spp., and all were classified for gypsy moth susceptibility. Small mammal density was estimated using Sherman live-traps and pitfall traps within these 4.68-ha sites in early and late summer. Each site contained 75 trapping stations located on a 25-m grid. Predation was measured by offering freeze-dried gypsy moth pupae near trapping stations at four heights (0, 0.25, 1.0, and 2.0 m) on different tree boles. Pupal predation was monitored for three consecutive nights. Vertebrate predation was positively correlated with good mast production in the previous autumn. Predation data showed that when mice were at high densities they were the major source of pupal predation. However, within these southern sites, when densities of Peromyscus spp. were low, predation by invertebrates was occasionally greater than predation by vertebrates. These data suggest that in some years invertebrates may retard gypsy moth buildup when small mammals are scarce due to mast crop failures.