Synaptonemal complex analysis of mouse chromosomal rearrangements

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Abstract
Surface spread spermatocytes of mice heterozygous for a tandem duplication show nuclei in late zygotene-early pachytene in which the heteromorphic synaptonemal complex (SC) contains a lateral element that is buckled out into an unpaired loop as a consequence of the added length of the duplication (estimated in another study to be 21.7%, with breakpoints at 0.50 and 0.72 of the length of the chromosome). The ends of the buckle, marking the interstitial termini of synapsis proceeding from opposite directions, vary over a wide range of positions, but within limits: the proximal end of the loop does not exceed the distal end of the duplication segment, while the distal end of the loop does not lie closer to the kinetochore than the proximal end of the segment. Thus, synapsis (SC formation) at zygotene is restricted to homologous regions (exclusive homosynapsis). — In the last half of pachytene, no buckles are found, only simple SCs with lateral elements of equal length, as a consequence of synaptic adjustment. Intermediate stages of adjustment are found throughout the first half of pachytene. Shortly after homosynapsis is complete, synaptic adjustment begins: the ends of the duplication loop separate (desynapsis of homosynapsed regions); the long axis shortens with respect to the short axis in both the unpaired loop and in the SC portions; asymmetrical twists take up inequalities; the loop is reduced to from 1 to 3 asymmetrical twists; the axes (lateral elements) equalize as the long axis shortens; and a simple SC is formed, indistinguishable from others in the complement, in which the region of the duplication and those adjacent to it have heterosynapsed, while the distal regions of the SC are presumably still homosynapsed. Synaptic adjustment evidently involves two sequential events: localized instability of the homosynapsed condition, leading to desynapsis, then restoration of the SC by heterosynapsis. Adjustment therefore represents the loss of strict homosynapsis. It is concluded that the asymmetry produced by the duplication loop constitutes an instability that triggers synaptic adjustment.