New methods of probing the structure of catalysts

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Abstract
Some of the methods used in probing the structure and performance of heterogeneous catalysts are discussed. We consider X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction and neutron inelastic scattering, high-resolution electron microscopy, electron diffraction, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and computational methods. The determination by X-ray diffraction of siting and occupancy of extra-framework cation Ni2+ in faujasite or by neutron diffraction of H+ in La3+-Y catalyst are discussed. Some of the methods are complementary and a combination of two or more can be used to gain a better understanding of the problem.