Reintroduction of the Trumpeter Swan to Its Former Prairie Breeding Range

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Abstract
Trumpeter swans (Olor buccinator) were transplanted from Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge in Montana to Lacreek National Wildlife Refuge in South Dakota beginning in 1960. Successful nesting occurred in 1963 and in subsequent years. The 3-month-old cygnets-moved to Lacreek Refuge were wing clipped and held in captivity for a time before release. Observations strongly Indicate that pair formation begins at least by the time the birds are 20 months of age. Initial nesting occurred at age 2 years 9 months. Predators, generally not a limiting factor to wild flocks, were a major source of loss of captive cygnets.

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