Turbulent heat transfer inside tubes and the analogy among heat, mass, and momentum transfer

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Abstract
The effect of fluid physical properties on the rates of convective heat transfer (or mass transfer) to Newtonian fluids flowing turbulently inside tubes has been studied extensively but never resolved for a wide range of variables. In the absence of precise experimental data the conflicting predictions of the many semitheoretical approaches developed during the last two decades have served to confuse rather than to clarify the basic question. To extend the range of the available data an experimental heat transfer study of the heretofore undefined region of high Prandtl number was performed. Fluid properties, determined experimentally, represented a variation in Prandtl number from 50 to 600.For final correlation all the available data for heat transfer with moderate temperature differences except those on liquid metals were considered. The effect of the Prandtl number for the range of the data (NProf 0.50 to 600) was not well represented by any of the generally accepted theories or empirical equations, although a semitheoretical correlation was deduced from the data with Reichardt's general formulation of the analogy between heat and momentum transfer. The resulting equation fits all the available data with a standard deviation of 9.4%. The applicability of the correlation to turbulent mass transfer in tubes is demonstrated for Schmidt numbers up to 3,000.

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