INFLUENCE OF RACE, TOBACCO USE, AND CAFFEINE USE ON THE RELATION BETWEEN BLOOD PRESSURE AND BLOOD LEAD CONCENTRATION

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Abstract
A number of studies have suggested a small to moderate positive relation between blood pressure and blood lead concentration in males (2–4 mmHg/in(μg/dl)). However, this 1986 study of San Francisco bus drivers suggests larger relations in black males (n=132) for both systolic pressure (7.5 mmHg/in(μg/dl)) and diastolic pressure (4.7 mmHg/in(μg/dl)) at very low blood lead concentrations (2–21 μg/dl). This increase appears to result from negative confounding, particularly after taking into account tobacco use. Relations are even larger in blacks who infrequently use caffeine (16.7 and 10.4 mmHg/in(μg/dl)) for systolic and diastolic pressure, respectively). In contrast, a negative relation between systolic pressure and blood lead concentration (−5.7 mmHg/in(μg/dl)) is suggested in nonblack males (n=117). These findings indicate that race, lead accumulation, and physiologic effects related to caffeine use (e.g., catecholamine effects) may interact to produce marked differences in effect on blood pressure.