A Ladder of Empowerment
- 1 September 1997
- journal article
- research article
- Published by SAGE Publications in Journal of Planning Education and Research
- Vol. 17 (1) , 31-44
- https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456x9701700104
Abstract
Empowerment is often envisioned as a solution to poverty acceptable to both the political right and left. Yet the question that is rarely asked or answered is, What is empowerment? While the empowerment literature provides a rich array of techniques and goals through which individuals and groups seek to alter their circumstances, it is contradictory in assumptions and emphases and provides little coherence or structure with which to make informed decisions. This paper develops a typology, a ladder of empowerment, based on existing empowerment literature, so that planners and others may gain a clearer understanding of empowerment and its varied potential.Keywords
This publication has 37 references indexed in Scilit:
- A Planner's Day: Knowledge and Action in Communicative PracticeJournal of the American Planning Association, 1992
- The Centrality of Normative Ethical Theory to Contemporary Planning TheoryJournal of Planning Education and Research, 1992
- Telling StoriesJournal of Planning Education and Research, 1991
- Into Postmodern WeightlessnessJournal of Planning Education and Research, 1991
- Outside the Whale: Progressive Planning and the Dilemmas of Radical ReformJournal of the American Planning Association, 1988
- Voluntary Associations, the Homeless and Hard-to-Serve Populations-Perspectives from Organizational TheoryJournal of Voluntary Action Research, 1988
- Comments and ReportsJournal of Planning Education and Research, 1987
- Postmodernism and PlanningEnvironment and Planning D: Society and Space, 1986
- Why the Rational Paradigm Persists — The Resistance of Professional Education and Practice to Alternative Forms of PlanningJournal of Planning Education and Research, 1986
- A Ladder Of Citizen ParticipationJournal of the American Institute of Planners, 1969