Strand opening by the UvrA2B complex allows dynamic recognition of DNA damage

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Abstract
Repair proteins alter the local DNA structure during nucleotide excision repair (NER). However, the precise role of DNA melting remains unknown. A series of DNA substrates containing a unique site‐specific BPDE‐guanine adduct in a region of non‐complementary bases were examined for incision by the Escherichia coli UvrBC endonuclease in the presence or absence of UvrA. UvrBC formed a pre‐incision intermediate with a DNA substrate containing a 6‐base bubble structure with 2 unpaired bases 5′ and 3 unpaired bases 3′ to the adduct. Formation of this bubble served as a dynamic recognition step in damage processing. UvrB or UvrBC may form one of three stable repair intermediates with DNA substrates, depending upon the state of the DNA surrounding the modified base. The dual incisions were strongly determined by the distance between the adduct and the double‐stranded–single‐stranded DNA junction of the bubble, and required homologous double‐stranded DNA at both incision sites. Remarkably, in the absence of UvrA, UvrBC nuclease can make both 3′ and 5′ incisions on substrates with bubbles of 3–6 nucleotides, and an uncoupled 5′ incision on bubbles of ≥≥10 nucleotides. These data support the hypothesis that the E.coli and human NER systems recognize and process DNA damage in a highly conserved manner.