The effect of respiration on the monitoring of stroke volume and cardiac output by the electrical impedance technique

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Abstract
In six volunteers (5 male, 1 female) it has been shown that normal respiration made no statistical difference to the estimates of the mean stroke volume and the mean cardiac output as determined by the electrical impedance method of Kubiceket al, (1966). The coefficient of variation was usually increased by respiration. The use of those stroke volumes which occur only at end-expiration was not shown to yield a greater reproducibility with 3 other male volunteers. In the female subject it was found that the use of a digital averager triggered from the preceding R-wave of the ECG gave values for the mean stroke volume and cardiac output which were always lower than the conventional mean values obtained from a number of strokes. The expense of either of these approaches does not appear to be justified as a means of compensating for the effects of normal respiration on the impedance dZ/dt waveform.