Nutritional Factors Influencing the Development of Competence in the Bacillus subtilis Transformation System

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Abstract
Cultures of Bacillus subtilis developed competence for the uptake of deoxyribonucleic acid in a chemically defined medium with a predictable, reproducible pattern. The gross effects of individual amino acids were determined. Seven amino acids, most of which are reported to be major components of the cell wall, were shown to impair the development of maximal levels of competence. When the synthetic growth medium was supplemented with a mixture of the nine amino acids which we found to stimulate the development of competence, the level of transfection was increased to 10 to 15% of the population. The actual level of competence in these populations was assayed by transformation of unlinked bacterial markers and by two different transfection assays. The results indicate that calculations from cotransfer of unlinked markers overestimates the degree of competence in highly competent populations of B. subtilis, whereas the number of plaques obtained in transfection is an under-estimate of the actual level of competence. The results are interpreted to indicate that neither method of analysis gives a true estimate of the competent population, but that more than 80% of the cells may be competent.