Role of Phosphate and Carboxylate Ions in Maillard Browning

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Abstract
The Maillard reaction of carbohydrates and amino acids is the underlying chemical basis for flavor and color formation in many processed foods. Phosphate and other polyatomic anions will accelerate the rate of Maillard browning, and this effect has been explained by invoking enhanced proton abstraction from intermediate Amadori compounds. In this work, the effect of phosphate and carboxylate ions on browning was measured for a series of reducing sugars with and without the presence of β-alanine. Significant browning was observed for sugars alone suggesting that polyatomic anions contribute to Maillard browning by providing reactive intermediates directly from sugars. A mechanism is proposed for decomposition of sugars by polyatomic anions and efforts to trap reactive species using o-phenylenediamine (OPD) are described. The results of this study suggest how complications may arise from the popular usage of phosphate buffers in the study of Maillard reaction kinetics. In addition, the results imply how phosphates may be useful for enhancing browning during food processing. Keywords: Maillard; browning; phosphate ion; carboxylate ion; catalysis; mechanism