Seasonal migration and co‐operative capitalism: The crushing of cane and of labour by the sugar factories of Bardoli, South Gujarat‐part 2∗

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Abstract
Seasonal migration is not a new phenomenon in India, but its present character and scale are indicative of a far‐reaching transformation in the countryside: a change to new production relationships. This article contains an analysis of the utilisation of migrant labourers by the sugar factories in the vicinity ofBardoli, in South Gujarat. This type of seasonal migration is most closely bound up with the capitalist development of rural production in this area∼a process in which the organisation of the dominant class of farmers into agricultural co‐operatives has played an important part. After a description of the development of sugarcane cultivation in Surat District, consideration is given to the process of recruitment of seasonal migrants, the organisation of cane cutting, the conditions of work, the reasons for the employment of migratory labour (given the availability of local labour), and, finally, the nature of both the level and the perception of exploitation of labour.
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