Staging invasive bladder tumors

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Abstract
Staging of bladder tumors is based primarily on the depth of tumor invasion (T‐category). Stage is important to treatment planning and prognosis. The problem is that clinical evaluation by T‐category alone often under‐stages the pathologic extent of disease and does not reliably predict treatment results. The current analysis shows that the presence of a mass palpable on bimanual examination is of prognostic value. Incorporating tumor volume with microscopic tumor invasion may enhance the usefulness of clinical staging.