Temperature dependence of macroscopic quadrupole moment near phase transition points

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Abstract
A phenomenological theory is proposed to describe anomalies of the quadrupole moment of crystals near structural phase transitions. A method is put forward to evaluate the anomalous part of quadrupole moment. This part is connected with the distortion of the crystal structure near the surface of a sample. In the method a specific invariant in thermodynamic potential density is taken into account at the first time. For proper and improper ferroelectric phase transition the anomalies are of the considerable interest.