Cerebral Hemorrhage in Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis

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Abstract
Site of hematoma and clinical outcome in cerebral hemorrhage were analyzed in 25 maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients and compared with those in 27 non-HD patients. Ganglionic-thalamic hemorrhage was found in 56% of HD and 74% of non-HD patients, lobar hemorrhage in 36% and 11 %, respectively. Size of hematoma, expressed as a ratio (%) of hematoma area to entire brain on CT slice, was 6.5 ± 4.2% (mean ± SD) in HD, being significantly larger than that of 4.7 ± 3.5% in non-HD patients (p < 0.05). Mortality rate was 60% in HD patients, nearly twice as much as the 33% in non-HD patients. The hematomas were significantly larger in the death cases (8.4 ± 3.7%) than the survivors on HD (3.6 ± 3.1%, p < 0.005). Likewise, the fatal cases in the non-HD group had bigger hematomas (6.9 ± 4.3%) than the non-fatal ones (3.6 ± 2.4%, p < 0.05). Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) was found in 40% of HD and 44% of non-HD patients. Hematomas were significantly larger in HD patients with IVH (9.3 ± 3.3%) than in those without IVH (4.6 ± 3.7, p < 0.005). Ninety percent of the HD patients with IVH but only 42% of non-HD patients died of hemorrhage. Hypertension was equally seen in HD (76%) and non-HD patients (74%).It is concluded that in HD patients cerebral hemorrhage is more severe in terms of hematoma size, association of IVH and clinical outcome. Chronic systemic heparinization might be responsible to the severity in HD patients.