Gel formation in free radical polymerization via chain transfer and terminal branching

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Abstract
Gel formation in free‐radical polymerization via chain transfer to polymer, recombination termination, and terminal branching due to either chain transfer to monomer or disproportionation termination is investigated using the method of moments. It is found that no gel can possibly form in the systems consisting of initiation, propagation, and one of the above reactions. However, systems with the following combination of reactions are found to be capable of gelling. They are: chain transfer to polymer + recombination termination; chain transfer to polymer + terminal branching due to disproportionation termination; and terminal branching due to transfer to monomer + recombination termination. Systems with the following combination of reactions are incapable of gelling; transfer to polymer + terminal branching due to transfer to monomer; and terminal branching due to disproportionation termination + recombination termination. An examination of the gelation mechanisms reveals that the formation of multivinyl macromonomers during the course of polymerization is the reason that systems involving terminal branching gel. Sol/gel diagrams are generated to give critical kinetic parameters required for gelation. It is found that terminal branching does not always promote gelation due to the adverse effect on chain length through chain transfer to monomer and termination by disproportionation, reactions which generate terminal double bonds. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.