Epistatic interaction and functional compensation between the two tissue- and cell-specific sucrose synthase genes in maize.

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Abstract
A tissue-specific epistatic mode of gene interaction was observed between molecularly homologous genes Sh1 and Sus1 (hereafter, Sh and Sus), encoding the sucrose synthase (SS) isozymes, SS1 and SS2, respectively. In Sh Sus genotype, both SS genes were expressed simultaneously and approximately equally in young seedlings; however, only the Sus-encoded SS2 protein was seen in the developing embryos. By contrast, the mutant sus genotype, lacking detectable levels of the SS2 protein in various tissues tested, showed expression of the Sh locus as judged by the detection of the SS1 protein in such embryos. Ectopic expression in embryos was seen from two separate Sh alleles, Sh-W22 and Sh'-5 (a revertant allele derived upon Ds excision from sh-m5933). In each case, the Sh expression at the protein level in embryos was unique to genotypes with the mutant sus gene. Based on the observed lack of phenotypic change in the sus mutant, we suggest that the ectopic expression of the Sh in otherwise Sus-specific tissues leads to functional compensation. There was no epistatic interaction of Sh and Sus at the RNA level as SS1 transcripts were detectable in both Sus and sus embryos. Thus, embryo specificity between the two SS genes was determined at posttranscriptional or at translational level of control. We surmise on the basis of these data that metabolic regulatory controls seem to override the normal constraints of tissue and cell specificity of the nonallelic isozyme genes to maintain efficient use of the pathways.