Abstract
The rust fungus P. bethelii, which is associated with dwarf mistletoe (A. americanum) in lodgepole pine (P. contorta), has generally been considered synonymous with Cronartium comandrae. P. bethelii, however, differs in its smaller, less-pyriform aeciospores, apparent lack of spermagonia, later aecial sporulation period, and constant association with dwarf mistletoe. Attempts to infect mistletoe-infected pines were either unsuccessful or inconclusive and potential alternate hosts were not found. Field evidence suggests the rust may be autoecious.

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