Some aspects of tissue accumulation and tolerance to available heavy metal ions byRubus FruticosusL., A Colonizer of spoil tips in S.W. England

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Abstract
In the Tamar Valley of southwestern England are a number of metalliferous spoil tips. The tips have little vegetation due mainly to a substratum possessing adverse characteristics-a high concentration of metal ions, a low nutrient status, rapid drainage and pronounced localized instability. Many of the tips have been colonized by R. fruticosus L. (blackberry); its ecology is described. Clonal plants were utilized in field and glasshouse experiments and metal uptake examined. R. fruticosus L. was tolerant of high concentrations of metal ions and accumulated them. A trend towards xeromorphism is described.