Evaluation of Permethrin as an Insect-Resistant Treatment on Paper Bags and of Tricalcium Phosphate as a Suppressant of Stored-Product Insects1

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Abstract
Long-term warehouse tests in Egypt and simulated warehouse tests in the United States were conducted to determine the insect resistance of permethrin-treated, pyrethrins-treated, and untreated, multiwall paper bags. The bags contained a high-protein, blended cereal (ICSM) fortified with either tricalcium phosphate (TCP), an insect suppressant, or a combination of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate (Ca). During 12 months of storage in Egypt, fewer permethrin-treated bags were infested (10.2–16.0%) than pyrethrins-treated bags (22.4–41.7%) or untreated bags (41.4–48.7%). Similar results were obtained in simulated warehouse tests. TCP was less effective than the treated bags and decreased the quantity of ICSM containing excessive populations (> 1,000 insects per bag) by ca. 7.72% compared with ICSM with Ca. A grease-proof paper barrier prevented movement of permethrin into the ICSM in bags stored for 28 months. During 1 year of storage, permethrin at up to 0.72 ppm was found in the ICSM in bags without a barrier ply. During 1 year of storage, there was little loss of permethrin from the outer treated ply of empty bags with or without a grease-proof barrier ply.

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