trans -Acting Mutations in Loci Other than kdpDE That Affect kdp Operon Regulation in Escherichia coli : Effects of Cytoplasmic Thiol Oxidation Status and Nucleoid Protein H-NS on kdp Expression

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Abstract
Transcription of the K + transport operon kdp in Escherichia coli is induced during K + -limited growth by the action of a dual-component phosphorelay regulatory system comprised of a sensor kinase (integral membrane protein), KdpD, and a DNA-binding response regulator (cytoplasmic protein), KdpE. In this study, we screened for new dke (named dke for decreased kdp expression) mutations (in loci other than kdpDE ) that led to substantially decreased kdp expression. One dke mutation was shown to be in hns , encoding the nucleoid protein H-NS. Another dke mutation was mapped to trxB (encoding thioredoxin reductase), and an equivalent reduction in kdp expression was demonstrated also for trxA mutants that are deficient in thioredoxin 1. Exogenously provided dithiothreitol rescued the kdp expression defect in trxB but not trxA mutants. Neither trxB nor trxA affected gene regulation mediated by another dual-component system tested, EnvZ-OmpR. Mutations in genes dsbC and dsbD did not affect kdp expression, suggesting that the trx effects on kdp are not mediated by alterations in protein disulfide bond status in the periplasm. Reduced kdp expression was observed even in a trxB strain that harbored a variant KdpD polypeptide bearing no Cys residues. A trxB hns double mutant was even more severely affected for kdp expression than either single mutant. The dke mutations themselves had no effect on strength of the signal controlling kdp expression, and constitutive mutations in kdpDE were epistatic to hns and trxB . These results indicate that perturbations in cytoplasmic thiol oxidation status and in levels of the H-NS protein exert additive effects, direct or indirect, at a step(s) upstream of KdpD in the signal transduction pathway, which significantly influence the magnitude of KdpD kinase activity obtained for a given strength of the inducing signal for kdp transcription.