The tetrapod Caerorhachis bairdi Holmes and Carroll from the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland

Abstract
The tetrapod Caerorhachis bairdi, probably from the Pendleian Limestone Coal \ud Group in the Scottish Midland Valley, is redi agnosed and redescribed, and its affinities are \ud discussed. Caerorachis was originally interpreted as a temnospondyl amphibian, based on \ud characters that are now regarded as primitive for tetrapods, or of uncertain polarity. Several \ud features of Caerorhachis (e.g. gastrocentrous vertebrae, curved trunk ribs, reduced dorsal iliac \ud blade, L-shaped tarsal intermedium) are observed in certain primitive amniotes. In particular, \ud Caerorhachis resembles ‘anthracosaurs’, generally considered to be among the most primitive of \ud stem-group amniotes. \ud The phylogenetic position of Caerorhachis is considered in the light of recently published cladistic \ud analyses of Palaeozoic tetrapods. Most analyses place Caerorhachis at the base of, or within, ‘anthra- \ud cosaurs’. When multiple, equally parsimonious solutions are found, its ‘anthracosaur’ affinities are \ud shown in at least some trees, and are supported by several informative and, generally, highly \ud consistent characters. Alternative phylogenetic placements (e.g. sister taxon to temnospondyls) are \ud usually less well corroborated. \ud If the fundamental evolutionary split of most early tetrapods into stem-group lissamphibians (e.g. \ud temnospondyl s) and stem-group amniotes (e.g. ‘anthracosaurs’) is accepted, then the revised \ud interpretation of Caerorhachi s sheds light on near-ancestral conditions for Amniota

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