Earth Hummocks of the Canadian Arctic and Subarctic

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Abstract
Studies in the western Arctic and subarctic and in the central Arctic indicate that earth hummocks have an average diameter of 80-160 cm and an average height of 40-60 cm. They have developed on materials having 58%-99% total clay and silt content and either high ice content or pure ice layers in the near-surface permafrost. Earth hummocks are cryogenic in origin, their development controlled by 3 major factors: soil texture, soil moisture and soil temperature. Most of the earth hummocks have developed during the last 5000 yr, when the climate became colder.

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