Vitamins C and E prevent endothelial VEGF and VEGFR-2 overexpression induced by porcine hypercholesterolemic LDL

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Abstract
Objective : Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is believed to play a role in the development of atherosclerosis and has been found to be increased in hypercholesterolemia. We examined the hypothesis that endothelial VEGF and VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) expression is upregulated by hypercholesterolemic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and, because it could be driven by oxidative stress, we tested whether vitamin C and E supplementation could modulate it. Methods : Native LDL were characterized after isolation from adult normal (C-LDL), hypercholesterolemic (HC-LDL) and hypercholesterolemic mini-pigs receiving vitamins C and E (HCV-LDL). VEGF, VEGFR-2, HIF-1α and superoxide anion (O2−) productions were measured in porcine coronary endothelial cells (ECs) incubated for 48 h with native LDL. The effect of exogenous ascorbic acid and α- or β-tocopherol was also studied. Results : HC-LDL, with high cholesterol ( P <0.05) and reduced tocopherol/cholesterol ratio ( P <0.05), increased significantly VEGF and VEGFR-2 ( p <0.001) in EC, associated with higher O2− and HIF-1α expression, in comparison with C-LDL and HCV-LDL. The addition of vitamin C and α- or β-tocopherol to the culture medium prevented the induction of VEGF and VEGFR-2 expression by HC-LDL, both at mRNA and protein levels. Conclusions : Our data suggest HC-LDL induce endothelial VEGF and VEGFR-2 overexpression at least by increasing oxidative stress, and HIF-1α is one of the signaling mechanisms involved. Prevention of VEGF and VEGFR-2 upregulation could help explain the beneficial effects of vitamins C and E in hypercholesterolemia-induced experimental atherosclerosis.

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