Localized 3pexcitations in 3dtransition-metal-series spectroscopy

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Abstract
Localized 3p excitations and their decay have been studied in 3d transition metals and their single-crystal oxides by using electron-energy-loss (EELS), photoemission, and resonant photoemission spectroscopies. Variation of the primary-electron-beam energy in EELS allows the resolution of threshold transitions from higher-lying excitations. It is possible to correlate the energies of the threshold and higher-lying transitions observed in EELS with the photon energies producing resonant 3d enhancement in photoemission. Satellite amplitudes in photoemission of 3d metals are discussed, and resonant enhancement of 3d photoemission is shown to occur largely in the main emission rather than in the satellite for 3d elements below Ni and also for the oxides.