Inftuence of Temperature and Humidity on the Immature Stages of Hemerobius pacificus12

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Abstract
The rate of development and the survival of Hemerobius pacific us Banks were determined over the temperature range of the species. The optimum temperature for continuous rearing is 18.3°C. The lower thermal threshold is extremely low (O.4°C for eggs, 4.1°C for larvae, 0.6°C for pupae), while the upper thermal threshold is around 27°C. Under fluctuating temperatures the maximum amount of heat tolerated above this threshold is ca. 1.3° d per day, with the pupae being the most sensitive stage. Extreme humidities are responsible for additional mortality but do not influence the developmental times of the immature stages. The impact of different humidities is greatest under extreme temperature conditions, eggs surviving best in the upper humidity range, the larvae in the lower one, and pupae at 65% RH. Among predators and parasites of aphids, Hemerobius pacificus has the lowest known temperature threshold, and it can develop at lower temperatures than its aphid prey.

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