Nucleoside Analogs Plus Ritonavir in Stable Antiretroviral Therapy–Experienced HIV-Infected ChildrenA Randomized Controlled Trial

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Abstract
Research from JAMA — Nucleoside Analogs Plus Ritonavir in Stable Antiretroviral Therapy–Experienced HIV-Infected Children — A Randomized Controlled Trial — ContextAlthough protease inhibitors are used routinely in adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the role of these drugs in the treatment of clinically stable HIV-infected children is not clear.ObjectiveTo evaluate the safety, tolerance, and virologic response produced by a change in antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children who were clinically and immunologically stable while receiving previous therapy.DesignThe Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 338, a multicenter, phase 2, randomized, open-label controlled trial conducted from February 6 to April 30, 1997 (patient entry period); patients were followed up for 48 weeks.SettingPediatric HIV research clinics in the United States and Puerto Rico.PatientsTwo hundred ninety-seven antiretroviral-experienced, protease inhibitor–naive, clinically stable HIV-infected children aged 2 to 17 years.InterventionsChildren were randomized to receive zidovudine, 160 mg/m2 3 times per day, plus lamivudine, 4 mg/kg 2 times per day (n = 100); the same regimen plus ritonavir, 350 mg/m2 2 times per day (n = 100); or ritonavir, 350 mg/m2 2 times per day, and stavudine, 4 mg/kg 2 times per day (n = 97).Main Outcome MeasurePlasma HIV-1 RNA levels at study weeks 12 and 48, compared among the 3 treatment groups.ResultsAt study week 12, 12% of patients in the zidovudine-lamivudine group had undetectable plasma HIV RNA levels (<400 copies/mL) compared with 52% and 54% of patients in the 2- and 3-drug ritonavir-containing groups, respectively (P<.001). Through study week 48, 70% of children continued receiving their ritonavir-containing regimen. At study week 48, 42% of children receiving ritonavir plus 2 nucleosides compared with 27% of those receiving ritonavir and a single nucleoside had undetectable HIV RNA levels (P = .04); however, similar proportions in each group continuing initial therapy had HIV RNA levels of less than 10,000 copies/mL (58% vs 48%, respectively; P = .19).ConclusionsIn our study, change in antiretroviral therapy to a ritonavir-containing regimen was associated with superior virologic response at study week 12 compared with change to a dual nucleoside analog regimen. More children receiving ritonavir in combination with 2 compared with 1 nucleoside analog had undetectable HIV RNA levels at study week 48.