ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF POLLEN EMBRYOIDS AND POLLEN CALLUSES IN CULTURED ANTHER SEGMENTS OF HYOSCYAMUS NIGER (HENBANE)

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Abstract
The dedifferentiation of pollen grains of Hyoscyamus niger (henbane) into embryoids and calluses was examined by culturing identical segments of the same anther in a mineral salt‐sucrose basal medium and in the basal medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, respectively. Addition of auxin enhanced anther efficiency but did not affect the number of embryogenic pollen grains of an anther segment transformed into calluses. In anther segments cultured in the basal medium, the organogenetic part of the pollen embryoid was formed by the division of the generative cell alone, or by the division of both generative and vegetative cells. More or less similar pathways were followed by pollen grains of anther segments cultured in a medium containing auxin to form calluses. Culture of anther segments in a medium containing a high concentration of auxin (50.0 mg/l) led to a significant reduction in the yield of calluses which were formed almost entirely by the division of both generative and vegetative cells. The bearing of these observations on the role of auxin in determining the pathway of differentiation of embryogenic pollen grains in cultured anther segments is considered. The appearance of embryogenic pollen grains in close proximity to the tapetum as seen in longitudinal sections of cultured anther segments has suggested a role for a gradient of tapetal factors in embryogenic induction.