A Comparison of the Permian freshwater Lamellibranchiata from Russia with those from the Karoo System of South Africa

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Abstract
S ome palæontologists, such as Owen (1876), Twelvetrees (1880), Trautschold (1884), and others, have pointed out the resemblance which exists between the reptilian fauna of Perm, in Russia, and that of the Karoo formation of South Africa. This similarity was based on the fact that the reptiles of Perm described as Rhopalodon , Fisch., Brithopus , Kut., Orthopus , Kut., Deuterosaurus , Eichw., Cliorhizodon , Tul., Oudenodon , Traut., and others were referred to the Theriodontia, a group represented in the Karoo Series of South Africa. The Russian Permian reptiles referred to have been recently studied by Seeley, who has come to the conclusion that they are closely allied to the South African types, but cannot be placed in the same subordinate groups. This author considers them as a new group, Deuterosauria, exhibiting a strong affinity with both the Placodontia and Theriodontia. In 1892, when describing the lamellibranchiate fauna from the Oka-Volga basin, I pointed out that the typical shells called Palæomutela from these deposits were also known from the Karoo Series of South and Central Africa, and had been described as Iridina by Daniel Sharpe and Prof. T. Rupert Jones. At that time, not being in possession of the original forms from the Karoo Series, I, of course, could answer only for the identity of the genus, though, judging from the description given by Daniel Sharpe and Rupert Jones, it was easy to observe that they possessed characters corresponding to those which I referred to the group of Palæomutela Inostranzewi . I then expressed the opinion that,

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