Cardiac transplantation

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Abstract
There has been progress in medical treatment including angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors w16 and β blockers.2 Surgical therapies including coronary artery bypass grafting with or without surgical anterior ventricular endocardial restoration,w17 mitral reconstruction in cardiomyopathy patients with severe mitral regurgitation,w18 combined with partial left ventriculectomy in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy,w19 and left ventricular assist device therapy3w20–24 are evolving. The current status of surgical therapies for advanced heart failure has recently been reviewed in this series.w25 Antiarrhythmic heart failure therapy with implantable defibrillators has also improved survival.w26