PNF revisited

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Abstract
More than 40 years ago, Kabat (1947) described the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) therapeutic approach. The conceptual framework was based on the scientific work of Sherrington (1947), Gellhorn (1947), Loofbourrow and Gellhorn (1948, 1949) and others. In the light of more recent advances in the neurological and movement sciences, however, it is appropriate to review the underlying assumptions, hypotheses and concepts of the PNF approach. While several assumptions appear outdated, PNF is still a useful therapeutic tool for neuromuscular dysfunction.