A literature assessment of sample pretreatments and limits of detection for capillary electrophoresis of drugs in biological fluids and practical investigation with some antimalarials in plasma

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Abstract
A literature survey on published reports of the determination of drugs in biological fluids shows that all methods of sample pretreatment have been used and that the limits of detection achieved vary widely, ranging from low ngcm−3 to μgcm−3. The most widely used injection method was hydrodynamic and, in the majority of cases, whenever low detection limits were achieved, this was a result of preconcentration during the sample pretreatment. Only a small proportion of the reported methods employed electrokinetic injection and utilised the field amplified sample injection (FASI) techniques. An experimental investigation of the alternative hydrodynamic and electrokinetic injection methods for a small set of antimalarial drugs is reported. It was found that electrokinetic injection with FASI from an acetonitrile‐water matrix produced dramatic improvements in detection limits. This improvement could not, however, be achieved when the drugs were in plasma using protein precipitation, liquid‐liquid extraction or solid phase extraction pretreatment methods. This highlights the importance of sample pretreatment in utilising the potential sensitivity of capillary electrophoresis with electrokinetic injection.

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