The Cranial Osteology of the Gadidae

Abstract
The cranial skeletons of four gadid fishes, Gadus morhua (subfamily Gadinae), Urophysis chuss (Lotinae), Lota lota (Lotinae), and Merluccius bilinearis (Merluccinae), are described in detail.The Merluccinae probably gave rise, on one hand, to the subfamily Lotinae and, on the other, to the subfamily Gadinae; both of these subfamilies became further specialized. All three subfamilies differ from each other in their cranial osteology, as well as in other characters.